Household flood adaptation strategies across four vulnerable residential clusters in Lokoja, Kogi State — Adankolo, Adankolo New-layout, Ganaja, and Galili. The research evaluated how communities respond to recurring seasonal flooding at the Niger-Benue confluence in the absence of formal institutional protection.

Communities at Nigeria's most flood-vulnerable confluence are building resilience largely on their own. Early warning systems reach 86% of households — but formal financial support reaches only 20.9%. The gap is not awareness. It is financing.

These findings point directly to four actionable interventions: targeted micro-finance for property upgrades, community-designed evacuation frameworks, neighbourhood drainage co-management, and integrated early warning-to-cash-transfer systems. The evidence base is here. The financing response is not.